Countering of Black Hole Attack on Manet with AODV Protocol

Abstract

Security in mobile ad-hoc network (MANET) is the most serious issue impacting performance of network. In general, routing methods is one of the complicated and exciting analysis places. In black hole attack, a harmful node uses its routing technique to be able to promote itself for having the quickest direction to the place node or to the bundle it wants to identify. In this research, performance of one of the most efficient solutions for preventing single black hole attack in MANET using AODV routing protocol will be investigated in terms of packet delivery ratio, packet loss percentage, average end-to-end delay, and route request overhead. This chapter describes the introduction, background of the study, research objectives and questions, the scope of the study and its primary objectives.

Introduction

I. INTRODUCTION

As the importance of computers in our daily life increases it also sets new demands for connectivity. Wired solutions have been around for a long time but there is increasing demand on working wireless solutions for connecting to the internet, reading and sending E-mail messages, changing information in a meeting and so on. In Latin, ad hoc means “for this”, further meaning “for this purpose only”. It is a good and emblematic description of the idea why ad hoc networks are needed. They can be set up anywhere without any need for external infrastructure (like wires or base stations). They are often mobile and that’s why a term MANET is often used when talking about Mobile Ad hoc NETworks. MANET’s are often defined as follows” A “mobile ad hoc network” (MANET) is an autonomous system of mobile routers (and associated hosts) connected by wireless links – the union of which forms an arbitrary graph. The routers are free to move randomly and organize themselves arbitrarily; thus, the network’s wireless topology may change rapidly and unpredictably, such a network may operate in a standalone fashion, or may be connected to the larger internet. Simple Ad-hoc Network The strength of the connection can change rapidly in time or even disappear completely. Nodes can appear, disappear and re-appear as the time goes on and all the time the network connections should work between the nodes that are part of it. As one can easily imagine, the situation in ad hoc networks with respect to ensuring connectivity and robustness is much more demanding than in the wired case. Ad hoc networks are networks which are not connected to any static (i.e. wired) infrastructure. An ad hoc network is a LAN or other small network, especially one with wireless connections, in which some of the network devices are part of the network only for the duration of a communications session or, in the case of mobile or portable devices, while in some close proximity to the rest of the network. The ad hoc network is a communication network without a pre-exist network infrastructure. In cellular networks, there is a network infrastructure represented by the base-stations, Radio network controllers, etc. In ad hoc networks every communication terminal (or radio terminal RT) communicates with its partner to perform peer to peer communication. If the required RT is not a neighbour to the initiated call RT (outside the coverage area of the RT), then the other intermediate RT’s are used to perform the communication link. This is called multi-hop peer to peer communication. This collaboration between the RT’s is very important in the ad hoc networks. In ad hoc networks all the communication network protocols should be distributed throughout the communication terminals (i.e. the communication terminals should be independent and highly cooperative).

A mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is a self-configuring network of mobile nodes. It lacks any fixed infrastructure like access points or base stations. It lacks centralized administration and is connected by wireless links/cables. Wireless ad hoc network can be built up where there is no support of wireless access or wired backbone is not feasible. All network services of ad hoc network are configured and created on the fly. Thus, it is obvious that with lack of infrastructural support and susceptible wireless link attacks, security in ad hoc network becomes inherent weakness. Nodes within nomadic environment with access to common radio link can easily participate to set up ad hoc infrastructure. But the secure communication among nodes requires the secure communication link to communicate. Before establishing secure communication, link the node should be capable enough to identify another node. As a result, node needs to provide his/her identity as well as associated credentials to another node.

However, delivered identity and credentials need to be authenticated and protected so that authenticity and integrity of delivered identity and credentials cannot be questioned by receiver node. Every node wants to be sure that delivered identity and credentials to recipient nodes are not compromised. Therefore, it is essential to provide security architecture to secure ad hoc networking. We found that many of the presently existing attacks have some common features and have been categorized into different attacks based on their minor differences. So hereby we are trying to categorize them into two broad categories: DATA traffic attacks and CONTROL traffic attacks. This will help in future designing of security measures.

1.1 Ad-hoc On-demand Distance Vector (AODV) AODV is a kind of reactive protocols. It methodology is hop-to-hop routing. The node establishes the Route Request (RREQ) if it wants to know the route to a particular destination. Then the intermediate nodes forward the route request and at the same time, these intermediate nodes create a reverse route to the destination. When the node receives the request that has the route to the destination, it establishes a Route Reply (RREP) which includes numeral of hops which are required to arrive the destination. Each node that cooperates in sending this reply to the source node, it creates a forward route to the destination. This route that has been established from source to destination is a hop-by-hop case.

A. Dynamic Source Routing (DSR)

DSR is a reactive or on-demand routing protocol. This protocol has been designed to reduce the bandwidth wasted via the control packets in wireless networks and that via deleting the periodic table-update messages required in the table-driven approach. In DSR protocol, there is no need for network infrastructure or administration, due to these networks fully self configured and organized. The source routing is a method which the source packet defines the complete sequence of nodes through which to forward the data packets. The source routing does not need to keep the routing information via the intermediate hops. Figure 3 shows the advantages and disadvantages of DSR protocol.

B. Destination Sequenced Distance Vector (DSDV)

DSDV is one of the most widely known proactive or table-driven routing protocols for MANETs. The routing algorithm of DSDV is depended on the numeral of hops to arrive at the destination node. To transmit the data packets among the nodes in the network, DSDV protocol utilizing routing tables which are stored in every node. DSDV protocol has three major characteristics which are: decreasing the high routing overhead, solve the “count to infinity” problem and avert the loops. Each mobile node contains a table of routing information which includes all the routes to the destinations and another information.

C. Black Hole Attack

In this attack, a malicious node acts like a Black hole, dropping all data packets passing through it as like matter and energy disappears from our universe in a black hole. If the attacking node is a connecting node of two connecting components of that network, then it effectively separates the network in to two disconnected components.

Few strategies to mitigate the problem:

1. Collecting multiple RREP messages (from more than two nodes) and thus hoping multiple redundant paths to the destination node and then buffering the packets until a safe route is found.
2. Maintaining a table in each node with previous sequence number in increasing order. Each node before forwarding packets increases the sequence number. The sender node broadcasts RREQ to its neighbours and once this RREQ reaches the destination, it replies with a RREP with last packet sequence number. If the intermediate node finds that RREP contains a wrong sequence number, it understands that somewhere something went wrong.

D. Worm Hole

Connects two distant points in space via a shortcut route. In the same way in MANET also one or more attacking node can disrupt routing by short-circuiting the network, thereby disrupting usual flow of packets. If this link becomes the lowest cost path to the destination, then these malicious nodes will always be chosen while sending packets to that destination. The attacking node then can either monitor the traffic or can even disrupt the flow (via one of the DATA traffic attacks). Wormhole attack can be done with single node also but generally two or more malicious node connects via a wormhole-link. In figure 5, Node X and Y performing wormhole attack.

II. LITRATURE SURVEY

Sureka.N1, Prof. S. Chandra Sekaran proposed resource depletion attacks at the routing protocol layer, which permanently disable networks by quickly draining nodes’ battery power. These “Vampire” attacks are not specific to any specific protocol, but rather rely on the properties of many popular classes of routing protocols. We discuss methods to mitigate these types of attacks, including a new proof-of-concept protocol that provably bounds the damage caused by Vampires during the packet forwarding phase. The wireless Adhoc sensor network and routing data in them is vulnerable to certain attacks. So, we must ensure a secure and authenticated data transmission process. There are a lot of protocols developed to protect from DOS attack, but it is not completely possible. One such DOS attack is Vampire attack draining of node life from wireless adhoc sensor networks. Adhoc wireless sensor networks (WSNs) promise exciting new applications in the near future, such as ubiquitous on-demand computing power, continuous connectivity, and instantly deployable communication for military and first responders. Such networks already monitor environmental conditions, factory performance, and troop deployment, to name a few applications.

Harsha.N1, Rashmi.S proposed an approach to detect and prevent the vampire attack in MANET. Ad-hoc low-power wireless networks are the most promising research direction in sensing and pervasive computing. Prior security work in this area has focused primarily on denial of service at the routing or medium access control levels. Earlier, the resource depletion attacks are considered only as a routing problem, very recently these are classified in to a new group called “vampire attacks”. Vampire attacks are not protocol-specific, in that they do not rely on design properties or implementation faults of particular routing protocols, but rather exploit general properties of protocol classes such as link-state, distance vector, source routing, and geographic and beacon routing .It is clear that all examined protocols are susceptible to Vampire attacks, which are devastating, difficult to detect, and are easy to carry out using as few as one malicious insider sending only protocol compliant International Journal For Technological Research In Engineering Volume 4, Issue 10, June-2017 ISSN (Online): 2347 - 4718 www.ijtre.com Copyright 2017.All rights reserved. 2073 messages. In the worst case, a single Vampire can increase network-wide energy usage by a factor of O (N), where N in the number of network nodes. Sumit Agrawal, Shilpa Jaiswal proposed a Secure Ad-hoc On-Demand Distance Vector routing protocol (SAODV) to endeavour our all efforts into a common place. So, the emphasis is to develop a scheme for the measure of these network worms and blackhole attacks to eliminate occurrences of communication hazards from intermediate and surrounding threads. the full study to eliminate thread of black hole attacks in MANET”. We also address to the solution against the threat of black hole attack in MANET. In Black Hole Attack a malicious node advertises itself as having the shortest path to the node whose packets it wants to intercept. So, to rectify the possibility of occurrence of black hole attack we are proposing a technique to identify attack and a solution to discover a safe route for secure transmission. The need of wireless network is to enforce participating nodes to forward packets to other nodes to foster secure and reliable communication. Although there is presence of vulnerable nodes that can be associated with malicious nodes and can harm networks.

The varieties of these malicious nodes are vulnerable to nodes which are either compromised or falsely guided by vulnerable nodes. Malicious nodes can easily tamper the participating nodes in the networks. In mobile ad hoc network these attacks shown their significance in the terms of network worms which can attack, alter or modify the root definitions of network across all administrative and participating domains.

Saritha Reddy Venna1, Ramesh Babu Inampudi proposed vulnerabilities and various kinds of security attacks in MANETs the recent and rapid advancements in the technology and the distinct features of MANETs have made the use of MANETs more prevalent. With the ever-increasing applications, the weakness of these networks against a variety of attacks has been unveiled. MANETs doesn’t have clear and efficient mechanisms to detect or prevent the attacks, so attacker node can easily interrupt and destroy the whole system or may take control over the information being transmitted in the network. Attackers introduce various kinds of attacks and every attack has its own degree of impact on the network. Security is a major concern in MANETs because of its intrinsic vulnerabilities.

Each mobile node can work either as a host or as a router. There is no necessity of fixed infrastructure and these mobile nodes organize themselves in an arbitrary fashion to form a temporary network with dynamically changing topology. Nodes within each other’s wireless transmission ranges can communicate directly but nodes outside each other’s range have to depend on neighbouring nodes to relay messages.

Guozhu Meng, Yang Liu, Jie Zhang, Alexander Pokluda, Raouf Boutaba proposed different mechanisms of collaboration and defence in collaborative security. We systematically investigate numerous use cases of collaborative security by covering six types of security systems.

Aspects of these systems are thoroughly studied, including their technologies, standards, frameworks, strengths and weaknesses. We then present a comprehensive study with respect to their analysis target, timeliness of analysis, architecture, network infrastructure, initiative, shared information and interoperability. We highlight five important topics in collaborative security, and identify challenges and possible directions for future research.

Our work contributes the following to the existing research on collaborative security with the goal of helping to make collaborative security systems more resilient and efficient. Security is oftentimes centrally managed. An alternative trend of using collaboration in order to improve security has gained momentum over the past few years. Collaborative security is an abstract concept that applies to a wide variety of systems, and has been used to solve security issues inherent in distributed environments. Thus far, collaboration has been used in many domains such as intrusion detection, spam filtering, botnet resistance, and vulnerability detection.

III. PROBLEM STATEMENT

A. Problem Statement

1. There are many attacks in MANET. But Sinkhole Attack and black hole attack is a special type of Attack.
2. Sink Hole alters the data packet or drops the packet silently.
3. So we implement Sinkhole Attack and Black hole attack on MANET to check the Performance of the network.
4. We check that how much network Performance degrade when we apply Sink Hole and black hole attack on the Network.

IV. OBJECTIVE

A. To Study reactive routing protocol AODV and black hole attack in MANET.

B. To Implement the different simulation scenario's of network using ns2 simulator.

C. To analyze the performance of AODV with and without black hole attack using different scenario's by varying number of nodes in the network.

D. To Compare the impact of black hole attack on the performance of AODV protocol in terms of throughput, packet delivery ratio, end-to-end delay and load.

V. IMPLEMENTATION

A. Methodology

The Implementation is divided into stages and that are:

1. In Stage1: We will gather the information and generate the network scenario.
2. In Stage2: We will initialize the number of nodes which are required in protocols. Than we will implement protocol system. In that nodes we have to identify the route from where they have to send data.
3. In Stage 3:After initialize the nodes we will take AODV protocols and implement these protocols on node.
4. In Stage 4: After implementation we will compare the performances of MANET network with & without Black Hole Attack in AODV Protocol.

 B. Tools  

Tools used for the research work are NS2.

Network Simulator 2 (NS2): Features & Basic Architecture Of NS2

1. What is NS2: NS2 stands for Network Simulator Version 2. It is an open-source event-driven simulator designed specifically for research in computer communication networks.
2. Features of NS2

a. It is a discrete event simulator for networking research.

b. It provides substantial support to simulate bunch of protocols like TCP, FTP, UDP, https and DSR.

c. It simulates wired and wireless network.

d. It is primarily Unix based.

e. Uses TCL as its scripting language.

f. Otcl: Object oriented support

g. Tclcl: C++ and otcl linkage

h. Discrete event scheduler

C. Basic Architecture

NS2 consists of two key languages: C++ and Object-oriented Tool Command Language (OTcl). While the C++ defines the internal mechanism (i.e., a backend) of the simulation objects, the OTcl sets up simulation by assembling and configuring the objects as well as scheduling discrete events. The C++ and the OTcl are linked together using TclCL

ALGORITHM 1

VI. RESULT AND DISCUSSION

1. The End to End delay for AODV and AODV with Black hole attack on the network is shown in figure.

It has shown that initially delay is greater in AODV as comparison to B-AODV due to instant optimal route information sent by malicious node (acting as black hole attacker node) to the sender that will attract to immediately starts sending packets over it.

By the time, as packet doesn’t reach to its intended destination, which will result in increasing the e2e delay, as shown in figure.

On the other hand, in AODV, once route generation process completes, the e2e delay is reduced, which exhibits to greater performance

2. Throughput for AODV and AODV with Black hole attack on the network is shown in figure.

Throughput is the average no. of packets sent in per unit time, which is measured in kbps.

It can be seen throughput during black hole attack is dropped due to packets not reaches to its intended destination which will degrade the overall performance of the network.

The PDR reaches to minimum level when no. of nodes participate in a network communication will be 24-26.

3. Packet Delivery ratio is rate of packet sent by sender node and packet received to the intended destination successfully.

It is clear from the given graph (gnu plot graph) here, as shown in figure, that rate of success rate of recipient of packets remains increased and consistent, as comparison to AODV with Black hole attack, where dropping of packets are frequently happens.

VII. FUTURE SCOPE

A. In future a more improved mechanisms should be developed to detect & prevent such attacks.

B. This work will also implement to analyse the impact on performance of other reactive routing protocol such as AODV.

Conclusion

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Copyright

Copyright © 2022 Gurwinder Singh, Dr. Ashish Oberoi, Prof. Jasdeep Singh. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.